Male-biased expression of Z-linked sex differentiation gene expression is likely a result of ineffective dosage compensation.
These results lend support to the hypothesis that the overall pattern of ineffective dosage compensation may indeed be a general pattern in birds.
AIG, of course, has come to symbolize some of the most glaring problems of ineffective regulation, exuberant executive compensation and risky insurance policies and market speculation.
Most of these genes are located on the Z chromosome, which indicates that dosage compensation is ineffective in early chicken embryos.
Perhaps most importantly, while Itoh et al [ 27] concluded that dosage compensation is ineffective in birds, we question whether it occurs at all in the sense of a chromosome-wide mechanism for the general adjustment of expression levels of sex-linked genes in one or both of the sexes.
In the last year, a population level behaviour change intervention was found to be ineffective [15] and risk compensation and low adherence may have contributed to no effect being found in trials to prevent HIV infection through diaphragm use [16] and herpes treatment [17], respectively.
In contrast to most other species, dosage compensation of bird sex chromosomal genes appears rather ineffective.
There were a few trickle-up measures: modest individual income tax cuts, repeated but very ineffective efforts to help those subjected to foreclosure, and extensions of unemployment compensation benefits.
These attempts have proved ineffective or backfired in exactly the way one would expect if executive compensation were driven by a reasonably well-functioning market for talent.
Some victims' relatives who consider the police ineffective, or worse, have turned to Kirk Menard, a private investigator with a background in workers' compensation and insurance fraud cases, but not in homicide.
