Small industries, subcontracting for larger ones, produced such items as artificial pearls, eyeglass lenses, and fountain pens.
Thus, the strategy of choice for most will be upgrading subcontracting, cross-industry subcontracting, and then own-brand manufacturing, in that order.
Workforce advocates say the misclassification of employees as independent contractors is a large and growing problem, especially in industries where subcontracting is common, work is project-based and workers are assigned in small groups or individually.
Most of America's and Europe's textile industry, for instance, subcontracts work to outside firms in China, Vietnam and Bangladesh.
The decline of heavy industry and the rise of subcontracting has driven them from much of the corporate world: today only 14.1% of private-sector workers are members.
The lawsuit is seeking limited damages, though it underscores the tremendous latitude large contractors have over the distribution of subcontracts in military industry in the post-cold-war era.
But this often means little in practical terms, since the industry relies so heavily on subcontracted labor.
Olaya also anticipates more subcontracting in Colombian industries -- an already-prevalent practice that leaves workers with few benefits and little recourse when it comes to wages and working conditions.
From the industrial scale, taking the 2011 statistics as an example, the textile industry in Pu Town included 80 persons who subcontracted 100 looms, 25 persons who subcontracted about 300 looms, and 10 persons who subcontracted about 500 looms.
This paper examines factors explaining subcontracting decisions in the construction industry.
Missile guidance and navigation systems provide key roles for subcontracting companies such as Litton Industries, Honeywell, Rockwell Collins, and Raytheon, although the prime contractors retain responsibility for integration and testing.
