Our evidence suggests that: (i) investing in ICT capital delivers significant productivity benefits, (ii) domestic production of ICT goods is source of important knowledge spillovers, and that (iii) in terms of TFP gains a low degree of industry specialization in information technology cannot be compensated by a country's trade openness, i.e., by importing ICT goods.
The results are robust with respect to alternative estimation method and alternative measures of industry specialization.
Organizing the sample this way, we are able to control for the industry specialization of banks using industry fixed effects.
A substantial literature stream suggests that many products are becoming more modular over time, and that this development is often associated with a change in industry structure towards higher degrees of specialization.
The ISP industry has begun the process of specialization.
Decades and generations of specialization have concentrated the financial industry in New York City, the entertainment industry in Hollywood, and of course the center of the startup universe in Silicon Valley.
That is, rural is contrasted with urban, agriculture is contrasted with industry and specialization and division of labour are decisive ingredients for the transformation of national economies rather than diversification of inputs and outputs (Barrett et al. 2001; Lanjouw and Lanjouw 2001; Pender et al. 2004).
So I really don't appreciate the look you gave me when, in response to your question about my area of specialization, I said, "The domestic industries of Brabant during the Middle Ages".
Fields of specialization have evolved within the ornamental shrub industry.
That degree of specialization is the result of the growth of the industry.
