Stimulated by the challenging assertion from the FDA and some industry spokesmen that horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to microorganisms does not occur, a number of investigators have embarked on studies to show that this statement is false.
Studies (York et al. 2011) have examined relative success rates of different acquisition strategies in the biopharma industry, finding that horizontal mergers, which tend to reduce costs through scale economies, outperform vertical mergers, in which large pharma firms typically acquire innovation rich, and cash poor small biotech firms to gain access to new and emerging products.
4K cameras first became commercially available in 2003 and are widely respected by the film industry for their horizontal resolution on the order of 4,000 pixels.
But as a matter of form; fracking is industry slang for horizontal, slick water hydrofracturing, a method used to maximize production from an oil or gas well.
As examples, Salesforce, Hubspot and Dropbox are big horizontal industry-agnostic ventures.
Support was found for horizontal (intra-industry) productivity spillovers and vertical (inter-industry) technology spillovers from foreign firms in upstream sectors to local firms in downstream sectors in the case of Kenya and Zimbabwe.
Shin Horie, an analyst at Goldman Sachs, says that these firms are struggling to adjust to the industry's new, more horizontal approach to making devices such as mobile phones and digital cameras.
They can uniquely tap into decades of industry experience to develop horizontal AI, built for specific industries like healthcare, financial services, automotive, retail and more.
All these instruments are complementary and important for strengthening horizontal science-industry linkages.
As the authors stress, however, this classification may in some cases be too restrictive; specifically, some transactions across 4 digit industries may still involve horizontal mergers, in particular when multi-product firms are prevalent.
When it comes to establishing efficiency effects from foreign direct investment, the literature gives two general outcomes: (1) horizontal or inter-industry effects and (2) vertical or intra-industry effects.
