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A third type of inductive justification recognizes the argument from analogy as a distinctive form, but treats its past successes as evidence for future success.
Given that the relevant non-normative premise must claim that intuitions of the sort at issue are more frequently false than true (or equally likely to be false as to be true) it seems to require an inductive justification based on a sufficiently large number of cases in which we have justification for believing ~p while p is the content of an intuition.
Famous also are George Berkeley's (1685 1753) attack on the mathematics of the new science, as well as the over-emphasis of Newtonians on observation; and David Hume's (1711 1776) undermining of the warrant offered for scientific claims by inductive justification (see the entries on: George Berkeley David Hume Humeme's Newtonianism and Anti-Newtonianism).
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Modal logic was used to formulate a more perspicacious version of the ontological argument, Bayesian models of probability breathed new life into inductive justifications of religious belief, rational choice theory ushered Pascal's wager once again onto the philosophical stage, and language-game analysis offered a prima facie justification of religious language.
The intuitive justification of inductive definitions is related to the fact that they can be expressed by means of finite rules, in a "bottom-up" way.
Impressed with the need for an interpretation of the concept of probability that was thoroughly empirical, Reichenbach elaborated a view that conceived probability as a limit of relative frequency and buttressed it with a pragmatic justification of inductive inference.
Hume also famously questions the justification of inductive reasoning and causal reasoning.
Broad's focus is on the nature and justification of inductive inferences.
He thought any justification of inductive reasoning that uses such reasoning would be circular (Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Book I, Sections IV-V).
And in the fourth place, in the teeth of the prevailing skepticism on this topic, he developed an original and boldly positive justification of inductive inference.
Despite the fact that the origins of reflective equilibrium (minus the name) lie in mid-twentieth century discussions about the justification of inductive logic, its principal development through the rest of the century lies primarily in ethics and political philosophy.
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