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He created the Kuo Observation Window, which is regarded as one of the most well-known experiments, and he provided the first record of a method for opening the egg and studying the embryo without inducing harm.
These approaches have potential to increase women's knowledge and enable behaviour change, without inducing harm or anxiety.
If there is concern that exposure to an experimental condition could induce harm in reproductive capacity in women, parallel concern about inducing harm in men should be considered [ 70 ].
The ethics of reproducing is surely complicated, but, again, it is not clear that ensuring F3's existence by means of inducing harm in those who come to exist is an obviously right action.
Cardiologists might be tempted to hope that careful uptitration of β blockade (rather than initiation directly to a standard maintenance dose as in the POISE trial) might give benefits without inducing harm.
If there is concern that exposure to an experimental condition could induce harm in reproductive capacity in women, parallel concern about inducing harm in men should be considered [ 70]. 8. Publishers and editors of all scientific and medical journals must expand existing policies and go beyond simply recommending inclusion of descriptive data on sex of subjects [ 82 ]. 8.1.
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However, the traditional view that evolutionary change in parasite virulence leads to a reduction in the capacity to induce harm to hosts and prolong host longevity favouring parasite fitness has been challenged on many occasions and in many different studies [2] [7].
As discussed by others [ 10], these findings suggest that physicians are uncomfortable with making decisions that could actively induce harm.
For statistically significant results, we will calculate the number needed to treat to provide benefit, and the number needed to treat to induce harm.
Therefore, the benefit of adjuvant therapy in terms of a reduced risk of recurrence needs to be weighed carefully against the risk of therapy-induced harm, before a decision is made.
Intensive glucose control--in particular when complex insulin strategies are used--is associated with a 5-fold increased risk for severe hypoglycemia, which could induce harm in some patients [ 1].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com