When cultures became confluent or underwent senescence, many interferon-regulated genes were consistently induced, for example those for (2'-5') oligoadenylate synthetase E, interferon-induced 17 kDa protein and Stat1.
In the last several years, heterozygosity leading to haploinsufficiency for proteins involved in DNA repair was shown to play a role in genomic instability and carcinogenesis after DNA damage is induced, for example by ionizing radiation.
Thus, the function of hppy might become significant mostly when the organism is challenged by stress signals induced for example by irradiation, indicating a role for the gene in the modulation of JNK signalling in vivo.
The initial step of both forms of NHEJ is the formation of one or more DNA double-strand breaks, which may arise spontaneously or be induced, for example, by ionizing radiation or errors during DNA replication.
Consistent with these findings, Schwann cell tumours frequently have defects in the p53 and Rb pathways and activation of the Ras pathway, induced for example by loss of the NF1 gene [6], [7].
Any disturbance of ER homeostasis induced, for example, by nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, ischemia, inhibition of protein glycosylation or disulphide bond formation, and viral or bacterial infection, can result in excessive accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins in the ER lumen.
Activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway induces, for example, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and CCL-4 via the MyD88-dependent pathway [30], [31] and IFN-β, CXCL-9, and CXCL-10 via the MyD88-independent pathway [32], [33].
The periodicity and homogeneity of the standard up and down states disappears, yielding either irregular fluctuations (induced for example by noise or respiration if in vivo), or high frequencies that blur the transitions (especially in the down states initiation).
Pain may result from fissures and induce, for example, dyspareunia or constipation when perianal.
However, for 13 of these loci an alternate truncated transcript was observed, which was transiently induced (for example, At2g34420 in Figure 2).
These receptors mediate several effects, such as inhibition of proliferation, induction of cell-cycle arrest, and inhibition of apoptosis induced, for example, by cytotoxic drugs [ 33].
