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Synaptically induced action potentials are observed in field potentials as positive-going population spike deflections in records from the stratum radiatum (Fig. 2c, top right, black arrow).
The irradiation of soybean plants at 450 ± 50 nm induces action potentials with duration times of about 0.3 ms and amplitudes around 60 mV.
Under constant illumination, 30 2 ms pulses were delivered in 3 seconds, a protocol shown to be sufficient to induce action potentials in the neurons.
In order to measure the properties of sequential spikes, a depolarization pulse (longer than 100 ms) was injected into the GABAergic neurons to induce action potentials (Fig. 5A).
This voltage step across the silicon-neuron junction induces action potentials by creating a capacitive transient in the neuron that activates voltage gated ion channels [54], [55].
To test for synaptic connections, current was injected into the presynaptic neuron VD4 via an intracellular microelectrode which induced action potentials in the VD4 cell, and postsynaptic responses in LPeD1.
Indeed, it has been shown, in electrophysiological experiments on hippocampal GABAergic interneurons that Ch induces action potentials by activating putative α7 nAChRs either at high (mM) concentration after short (tens of millis) exposure or at low (µM) concentration with long (10 20 sec) exposure [5].
(B ) Current threshold to induce action potentials for the indicated conditions.
It induces action potentials in motor nerve, causing activation of motor units [ 30].
Thereafter, currents were injected from −20 pA to +90 pA with 10-pA increments to induce action potentials.
Electrophysiological characterization should verify that hiPSC neurons have membrane potentials, undergo induced action potentials and show evidence of spontaneous synaptic activity.
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