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If SIRT1 is one of the constitutive inducers of human IVD degeneration, grade 4 degeneration discs should show stronger SIRT1 mRNA expression than lower grade discs.
However, the ability of TGFβ and FGF proteins to sustain human ESCs in defined medium (119) provides at least a starting point from which small-molecule inducers of human ESC self-renewal could be developed.
Based on the observation that IL-12 and IFNα, two cytokines produced by dendritic cells, acted as powerful inducers of human Th1 polarization [ 10- 12], I hypothesized that the type of innate immunity response was the main conditioning mechanism for the type of subsequent adaptive immunity [ 13].
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We show that diosgenin-induced apoptosis is associated with an increase of endogenous COX-2 activity: celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, provoked a large decrease of apoptosis whereas IL-1β, a COX-2 inducer, significantly increased diosgenin-induced apoptosis of human RA FLS.
Our studies showed that CDDO and its imidazolide derivative (CDDO-Im) are also potent inducers of apoptosis of human and mouse CLL cells ex vivo.
TGFβ is a potent inducer of the human procollagen type I α2 chain gene (COL1A2).
BMP-2 and BMP-6 are both inducers of osteogenesis in human mesenchymal stem cells [7], [8] and endogenous BMP-2 and BMP-6 cooperatively play pivotal roles in bone formation under both physiological and pathological conditions [43].
Hormonal differences with ageing may be a factor as sera obtained from aged donors are less potent inducers of osteoblast differentiation of human MSC, as compared with sera obtained from young donors [ 30].
Here we focused on the catabolism of tryptophan through the enzymatic reaction catalized by IDO, which we previously described to be induced by HIV in pDC through a mechanism that is independent of production of either type I or type II IFN [32], which are the major known inducers of IDO in both human and murine cells [75].
Although BCG mycobacteria are relatively weak inducers of bioactive IL-12p70 in human dendritic cells in the absence of additional costimulation like CD154 or IFN-γ (figure 3b), IL-12 has been shown to be essential for therapeutic efficacy in experimental BCG immunotherapy of bladder cancer [ 24].
It was previously reported by us that both PRP and NP are good inducers of TNFα secretion in whole human blood cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Zabłocka et al. 2001, 2007).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com