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Another key discovery in the 1960s was the identification of poly(I C) as an inducer of interferon in rabbits.
Tilorone is an investigational agent that has been known for over 40 years as an antiviral and is an inducer of interferon in mice.
Because early interference experiments relied on inactivated virus as the inducer of interferon response, attempts were made to connect the induction by isolated RNA to that of inactivated virus.
It was reported that polymorphisms of the IFIH1 gene, which is an intracellular pathogen recognition receptor for picornavirus including enteroviruses, operating as an inducer of interferon production (Takeuchi and Akira, 2009), is associated with risk or resistance for the T1D, serving possible virus-induced susceptibility gene in humans (Smyth et al., 2006, Nejentsev et al., 2009).
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IL-18 was initially described as a potent inducer of interferon-γ production and was subsequently realized to be important in T-cell differentiation (30).
As a postdoctoral fellow at Stanford (from 1968 till 1970), I discovered, with T.C. Merigan, several new polynucleotides as inducers of interferon.
Additionally, synthetic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) formulated in nonviral delivery vehicles can be potent inducers of interferons and inflammatory cytokines in mice and humans [14].
It is also a potent inducer of type I interferons (IFN-α/β) [ 2, 4], which are pro-apoptotic and immuno-stimulatory as well [ 1, 2, 5].
dsRNA is a by-product generated during replication and transcription of both RNA and DNA viruses and an efficient inducer of apoptosis, type I interferons and other cytokines/chemokines important for the host immune response to viral infection (22, 23 ).
Although FAA is a potent inducer of murine cytokine, chemokine and interferon gene expression, its mode of action remains unknown.
IL-12 is at least partly induced by interferon (IFN -β, a key IFN -βr of a strong adaptive immune response against virus infections initiating a signaling cascade that controls the expression of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) involved in an innate host response against viruses [12].
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