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IFN-γ, IFN-α, and IL-12 induce Th1 differentiation, IL-4 is the primary inducer of differentiation into Th2 cells, and combinations of IL-1, TGF-β, and IL-6 induce Th17 differentiation.
The scramble group did not differentiate into adipocytes in the presence of the minimal inducer of differentiation, with mock, insulin, or dexamethasone treatment, whereas in the absence of the inducer, the si Creb3l4 group exposed to mock treatment differentiated partially (Supplementary Figure S3b).
This fits with a recent study in mouse cells, where cortisol was also shown to be the predominant inducer of differentiation [47].
PMA, an inducer of differentiation of monocyte to macrophage, enhanced the expression of hres in U937 cells, as also reported earlier [10].
This role of miR-145 as an inducer of differentiation in embryonic stem cells is in agreement with the role of miR-145 as a repressor of growth in cancer cells.
It is interesting to note that BMP-2/6 is a more effective inducer of expression of differentiation markers than BMP-2 or BMP-6, even though it is a heterodimeric assembly of BMP-2 and BMP-6, and BMP-6 is not an active inducer of differentiation.
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Many studies have made substantial contributions to the differentiation of ESCs into hepatocytes by continuously improving inducers of differentiation and optimizing their combinations and sequences (Li et al., 2010b; Liu et al., 2010b; Wang et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2013b).
The 'replacement subtype' H1.0 was initially described in highly differentiated, non-dividing cells [9] and expression of its gene can be turned on by inducers of differentiation (reviewed by Zlatanova and Doenecke [24]).
In order to examine if BMP-induced differentiation of hES cells is affected by FGF2 and TGFβ1 present in the culture medium, we planned to test whether depletion of FGF2 and TGFβ1 would affect the percentage, speed or amount of differentiation to a particular fate in our culture conditions, using BMPs as inducers of differentiation.
Thus, changing the culture conditions, even in the presence of ECM-inducer of differentiation (Matrigel™), dramatically influences apical polarity.
In addition we investigated whether inducers of differentiation in keratinocytes such as prolonged culture in suspension or vitamin D3 treatment could also affect differentiation of breast tumour cells.
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