In the presence of IFN γ and IL-12, naïve CD4+ T cells upregulate STAT1 which induces specification to the Th1 lineage through T-bet expression [ 9, 58].
Conventional standard errors ignore the group structure induced by specification errors and tend to overstate the precision of the estimated program impacts.
At the cell surface, the neoPGs assumed the function of native HSPGs, rescued FGF2-mediated signaling, and induced neural specification.
Our data provide evidence that canonical Wnt signaling promotes SE specification, whereas the Wnt antagonist, Dickkopf1 (Dkk1), induces NE specification in the neural plate border.
Localized to either an individual cell or group of cells, embryonic organizing activity induces the specification of other cells in the embryo and can influence formation of body axes.
Second, the BMP pathway, which is confirmed to induce PGC specification of the proximal epiblast in vivo [14], has proven to function in an obscure fashion [7].
We hypothesized that TGFß1 would act though ALK1 to induce astrocyte specification; however, TGFß1 only increased Smad 2/3 phosphorylation, reflecting signaling though ALK5 instead of ALK1.
Interestingly, genetic studies have shown that inhibition of Nodal is also sufficient to induce neuroectoderm specification at a pre-gastrulation stage in the mouse embryo [21] [24], [26].
Mesodermal cytokines induce foregut specification into hepatic endoderm and followed by FGF signaling into the liver bud [ 29, 30].
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00806.013 10.7554/eLiFigure06 figuregure 6—figure supplement 1. PI3K/Akt1 signalling modulates ECM activity to induce ADE specification.
According to this model, the pathway induces cardiac specification during early developmental stages but inhibits it later [ 66, 68– 72] (Fig. 2).
