These observations are reminiscent of two descending neurons in molluscs that initiate biting movements during feeding, as one induces longer protraction durations whereas the other induces shorter durations (Jing and Weiss, 2005).
Treating the isolated ganglia with the NO scavenger PTIO induced fictive feeding consisting of repetitive cycles of protraction and retraction, as monitored via extracellular recordings from buccal nerves (Fig. 1).
Note that similar correlations between successive deflections will also arise generally in real whisking movements – for example, whisker protractions are necessarily followed by retractions, and perturbations induced by textures consist of back-and-forth vibrations at frequencies up to several hundred Hz [16].
This protraction in inducing DSBs observed for short lived Re can explain the equal efficacy of Re‐C1P5 and Lu‐C1P5 toward tumor growth arrest in spite of 1.4 times higher radiation dose to the tumor for Lu‐C1P5 than for Re‐C1P5 mAb.
The measurement of whisker behaviors usually includes free-air whisking and stimulation-induced whisker protraction- retraction [23].
First, the protraction force of the face mask may induce forward movement of the maxilla, especially PNS; this could cause anterior displacement of the soft palate and consequently increase upper airway space [16].
A recent systematic review suggested that maxillary protraction anchored with a bone-anchorage device induces more maxillary advancement with minimal dental side effects when compared with tooth-anchored appliances [17].
This study examines (1) whether the individual components of slumped sitting (forward head position, trunk flexion and shoulder protraction) cause median nerve stretch and (2) whether shoulder protraction restricts normal nerve movements.
For all simulations, 1000 g of protraction forces were applied, as studies have shown that 500 1500 g is an appropriate force load for maxillary protraction [19].
Induced ankylosed primary teeth have been used in the past as abutments for the protraction of the maxilla in cases of maxillary retrognathism [7 9].
Induced ankylosed primary teeth have been used in the past as abutments for the protraction of the maxilla in cases of maxillary retrognathism.
