Roughly, one variable is causally relevant to a second when there exists an ideal intervention on the first that changes the value of the second via the change induced on the first.
Diabetes (D and DMI groups) was induced on the first day of the experiments.
In Medicago truncatula, a pectinesterase was up-regulated and cellulase was induced on the third and fourth days post-inoculation [ 14].
Neuromuscular blockade (NMB) was induced on the first day (100 µg iv. α-cobrotoxin) and maintained by continuous infusion (250 µg/day, iv).
Adipocyte differentiation was induced on the third day after the cells reached confluence with medium containing 1 μM dexamethasone, 0.5 mM isobutylmethylxantine, 60 μM indomethacine, 1 μM rosiglitazone and 10 μg/ml insulin.
The temperature shift involved in our infection protocol confounded interpretation of daw expression at early time points; however, daw was strongly induced on the fourth day postinfection, relative to untreated and PBS-injected controls.
We found that the neutrophil-attracting chemokine encoded by growth- related oncogene 1 (GRO1/ CXCL1/KC) was induced on the very first day of involution, followed by an increased expression of the neutrophilic granulocyte marker encoded by leucine-rich α2- glycoprotein (LRG) during the first and second days (Fig. 4a).
In the mandible, ankylosis was induced on the retained primary second molar by extraction, bisection, replantation of the mesial part after endodontic treatment, and bonding of a rigid splint.
NetDis: This most recent graphlet-based alignment-free network comparison method (Ali et al., 2014 ) first obtains ego-networks of radius two (i.e. subgraphs induced on the nodes that are in the first and second neighbourhood of a given node) for each node in a given network and computes the number of graphlets in each of the resulting ego-networks.
To induce egglaying, on the third day after artificial-mating, one wing was removed from each female [ 25] and they were placed individually in 50 ml plastic cups filled with dechlorinated water.
