Then, for each candidate-biomarker, the mild stress induced candidate-biomarker responses were quantitatively correlated to mild stress induced robustness towards lethal stress per mild stress and lethal stress pair.
The exclusion procedure was followed until the exclusion of treatment time point of 10 min. When the mild stress induced candidate-biomarker and robustness responses were significantly correlated for all mild stress treatment time intervals, then the candidate-biomarker was qualified as long-term biomarker for that mild stress and lethal stress pair.
Highly induced candidates with yet unknown functions in AM include a triacylglycerol lipase (MTR_7g081050.1), neutral ceramidase (MTR_3g079190.1), an enzyme with a role in sphingolipid metabolism [ 49], and reticuline oxidase (MTR_7g034740.1) an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the alkaloid intermediate reticuline [ 50].
The present paper describes an experimental model that could assist in evaluating immunological memory induced by candidate vaccines.
A better understanding of immune markers induced by candidate malaria vaccines would greatly enhance vaccine development, immunogenicity monitoring and estimation of vaccine efficacy in the field.
Based on the present findings, we have also started to use experimental LP H5 infection of pigs as a model to examine heterologous protection induced by candidate H5 vaccines or other immunisation strategies [28], [29].
This result then suggests a greater opportunity to overcome the challenge of HIV diversity [57] and to detect protective immunity induced by candidate vaccines in Thailand compared to North America or Africa, where viral genetic diversity is much higher.
Taken together, we conclude that these three-dimensional tissue models provide a biologically relevant platform to identify toxic effects induced by candidate therapeutics, which will allow generation of findings that are more predictive of in vivo responses early in the drug development process.
Crops with improved traits are being developed by screening for mutations induced in candidate genes [ 1- 5].
Aneuploidy induced by candidate gene-targeting shRNAs led to a premature loss of proliferation potential compared to control fibroblasts infected with a scrambled shRNA (Fig 1C).
Except for some transgenic mouse models for which the predictive value remains unclear, the non-human primate (NHP) infection model, which uses viremia as a surrogate for disease, is among the most widely accepted animal models for evaluating the humoral immunity induced by candidate DENV vaccines and the protective efficacy of such vaccines.
