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They further show that externally applied netrin, suggested to work as a translational activator and a synaptic signaling molecule can induce translation of sensorin RNA in SNs through a pathway that requires endogenous DCC and involves eIF4e phosphorylation.
In addition to transcription, the mild UPR triggered by proteasome inhibition in VSMC may induce translation repression [17].
Indeed, it was shown that the mammalian PKCβII interacts with RACK1 while the last associates with translating ribosomes, and that this interaction leads to phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF6, which induce translation initiation [23].
Moreover, an artificial amino acid meal is sufficient to induce translation of early trypsin mRNA using the TOR signaling pathway in midgut epithelial cells, however amino acids alone do not induce the transcription and translation of the late phase trypsin protein [24].
Therefore, we tested whether phosphorylation of eIF2α under amino acid deprivation could also induce translation of specific mRNAs.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small noncoding RNAs that can regulate gene expression by binding to target mRNAs and induce translation repression or RNA degradation.
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It is worth noting that this last result came also from a medial rectus muscle, which does not wrap around the globe, and thus cannot induce translations or deformations of the eyeball.
Importantly, this result has been observed also, and possibly even more clearly, in a medial rectus muscle (cf. Fig. 3B), which does not wrap around the globe at all, and thus cannot induce translations or deformations of the eyeball.
A recent study [14] demonstrates that oxidized mRNA induces translation errors, producing short polypeptides because of premature termination or translation error-induced degradation.
This finding was particularly striking to us because it has been formerly believed that ER stress-induced translation arrest is solely and directly mediated by PERK-dependent phosphorylation of eIF2α (ref. 6).
CEBP-1 and the DLK-1 pathway are essential for axon regeneration after laser axotomy in adult neurons, and axotomy induces translation of CEBP-1 in axons.
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