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Moreover, tamoxifen may induce transforming growth factor β1 expression, and transforming growth factor β1-induced apoptosis is suppressed through the same pathway [ 41].
Furthermore, contraction agonists induce transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) activation in smooth muscle cells via αvβ5, which suggests that this pathway could induce bronchoconstriction-induced airway remodeling in asthma.
VEGF-A has been shown to induce transforming growth factor-β1, a prosclerotic cytokine, in mouse podocytes in vitro, and to directly act as a stimulus for extracellular matrix production and accumulation (28).
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In rodent primary fibroblast transformation assays, Wip1 cooperates with known oncogenes to induce transformed foci.
In these assays, strong oncogenes induce transformed foci of cells in less than a week while less active oncogenes take longer to induce foci.
The Stk expression plasmid pcDNA3Stk used in the earlier studies [ 23, 24] did not induce transformed foci in the 208F cells (<0.1 foci per μg plasmid DNA).
These investigators found that a MET oncogene could induce transformed foci and an invasion phenotype in cultured rat fibroblasts, which when injected into nude mice would form tumors and would metastasize to the lungs.
Our findings of the highest IR of IP among patients treated with radiation therapy and tamoxifen is in line with previous findings, suggesting that tamoxifen mediates the enhancement of radiation-induced lung fibrosis, possibly by inducing transforming growth factor-β secretion (Bentzen et al, 1996).
F. tularensis either fails to induce an immune response or causes immune suppression by inducing transforming growth factor (TGF-β) [4].
High glucose-induced transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) expression was also examined in mouse kidney mesangial cells (MMCs) cultured under high glucose.
The supernatants of sonicated cells lysates from the 1 mM IPTG induced transformed cells were investigated to detect the presence of fusion protein by SDS PAGE analysis.
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