Activated Rho proteins cooperate strongly with oncogenes Ras and Raf in focus-formation assays, but either fail to independently induce transformation or else exhibit weak transforming activity [ 6- 9].
The latter response is intriguing in the light of the previous observation that Wnt-5A failed to induce transformation under conditions where Wnt-1 was highly transforming [ 8].
The E7 oncoprotein of HPV16 is known to induce transformation both in vitro and in vivo and to fully transform immortalized rodent fibroblasts (E7/NIH3T3 cells) or human keratinocytes which are tumorigenic in nude mice [48], [50].
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway can induce transformation of mesenchymal stem cells to alveolar epithelial cells [35].
This experimental model could lead to understand, for instance, the way different drugs act on migraine, or to unveil in which way some risk factors, such as for instance drug overuse, induce transformation from episodic to chronic migraine.
The characterization results showed that the presence of carboxyl functionalized MWCNTs played a critical role to induce transformation of Ni TA) from solid spherical shape in the single-component situation to the nanosheet-assembled flower shape in the composite.
Extractions carried out following a specific experimental design pointed out that extraction yields and ergosterol concentrations were more influenced by pressure than by the extraction temperature although, high temperatures (55 75 °C) might induce transformation of ergosta-7,22-dienol and fungisterol into ergosterol.
Apart from the brain, deregulation of Hh, Notch and Bmi pathways has been proposed to induce transformation of mammary stem cells [65].
However an increase of kit signaling is not per se able to induce transformation of these cells and to sustain melanoma development [36] [37].
We believe that FOXM1B overexpression (1st hit) alone in the premalignant SVpgC2a cells may eventually induce transformation if cells were subjected to prolonged cell culture to allow sufficient time to accumulate further oncogenic hits.
