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High current densities and related local heating effects induce the evolution of the pure Ti initial layer into mixture layer composed of Ti, O, and N. Local contamination of Ti layers by fluorine atoms is also pointed out, as well as rupture of TiN thin barrier layer.
The molecular events that induce the evolution of dysplasia to carcinoma are still unknown (Cowan et al, 1992; Zuckerberg, 2002; Perez-Ordonez et al, 2006).
In addition, global change may induce the evolution of plasticity, with traits evolving to become more or less plastic as environmental conditions change.
Male killing endosymbionts induce the evolution of sex-specific dispersal, with prominent male-biased dispersal under conditions of low environmental stochasticity and high dispersal mortality.
In an asexual population, evolutionary branching is indeed sufficient to achieve the transition from Fig. 2b to c, that is, to induce the evolution of several coexisting ecotypes.
Escape of transgenes could induce the evolution of new weeds or endanger the integrity of genetic resources in wild populations [ 2, 3].
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Accordingly, Co3X4 have been successfully designed, in which the selection of anions induces the evolution of microstructure, creating an enhancement of specific surface area with the effective introduction of defects.
The addition of Hg2+ can only quench green fluorescence in the dual-emission QDs nanocomposites, which triggers the change of fluorescence intensity ratio of two different emission wavelengths and hence induces the evolution of fluorescence color of the probe solution with variation of Hg2+ concentration.
Ion irradiation and post-irradiation annealing induced the evolution of hardening that was found by nanoindentation test.
The aging temperature is another important parameter to induce the morphological evolution of hematite films.
The CE protocol is a means to induce the rapid evolution of ligase ribozymes using Moloney Murine Leukaemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase (MMLV-RT) and T7 RNA polymerase to sustain RNA populations through sequential serial transfers [ 20, 23, 24].
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