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The results indicated: (1) Long time annealing treatment could induce refinement and spheroidization of the Al3Ni phase.
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Machining processes involving high shear strains, strain-rates and temperatures often transform microcrystalline materials to induce dramatic refinement of surface microstructures.
Surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) was applied to the samples of a type AISI 304 stainless steel in order to induce grain refinement as well as formation of twins.
The results show that grain refinement can induce a phase transformation of high carbon martensite substructure from twin to dislocations.
Overall, the results demonstrate that in the rhesus macaque model, subunit vaccines that target the receptor-binding domain of MERS-CoV can offer some level of protection, but require further refinement to induce sterilizing immunity.
This process induced substantial grain refinement in the coarse-grained casting leading to a grain size of approximately 50 nm.
This result indicates that grain refinement induced the transition in deformation mechanism from the TRIP to the TWIP.
The XRD peak broadening of ECR-PMS Ti films is more than for conventional magnetron sputtering, due to grain refinement induced by Ar ion bombardment.
In turn, the introduction of WS2 particles significantly modifies the growth of Ni, inducing grain size refinement, increasing the stacking fault probability and causing a drastic change of crystallographic texture.
An increase of the atomic fraction of Cr induces a significant refinement of grain sizes, from ∼100 nm for a Cu96Cr4 alloy to ∼30 nm in the case of a Cu20Cr80 alloy.
RMS may be a useful technique for monitoring bioprocesses and help the refinement and standardisation of differentiation protocols to induce the efficient differentiation of pluripotent stem cells.
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