Exact(5)
Our objective was to test the hypothesis that dry weather would induce outbreaks of human WNV the following year, assuming that dry weather-induced increases in mosquito abundance would increase WNV transmission from birds to humans.
Because insecticides induce outbreaks of bollworm and other secondary pests (see Additional file 1), we first assess the historical baseline relationship of non-Bt cotton and PBW to understand the ecology of cotton production in India before heavy pesticide use and bollworm outbreaks began.
Bt cotton is only a partial solution because it is ineffective against many cotton pests and may help induce outbreaks of others (e.g., sucking pests such as aphids, mealy bugs, jassids, and plant bugs) and result in increased insecticide use [72].
However, mumps is a common childhood viral disease that can induce outbreaks.
To exemplify this, high concentrations of protein in the feed stimulate growth of the pig, but may disturb the intestinal microflora and induce outbreaks of diarrhoea [ 7].
Similar(54)
As occurs in other areas of the world, insecticide use to control PBW in India induces outbreaks of bollworms, defoliators, whiteflies, and other pests [29, 31 34].
A recent report shows that despite near complete adoption of Bt cotton in India, insecticide use was higher in 2013 than in 2000 and now targets induced outbreaks of hemipteran insect pests [69].
The use of pyrethroids and organo-phosphate insecticides induced outbreaks of the polyphagous bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)), whitefly (Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)), and other pests [9] that proved more damaging and difficult to control than PBW [8, 9].
T. evansi is principally pathogenic in horses and induces outbreaks with very high morbidity and mortality.
By overlaying Salmonella-related hospitalizations with data of temperature anomaly, as demonstrated in Dynamic Map 3 [see Additional file 3], viewers can determine whether the rates increased when temperatures were significantly higher than the 30-year norm: an indication of a heat wave induced outbreak.
That insecticide can induce pest outbreaks in Indian cotton has abundant parallels worldwide [11, 12, 34, 47, 49 51].
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