To induce Flu-specific CD8+ T cells, we labelled PBMC with CFSE and subsequently cultured them in the presence of heat-killed influenza A virus (PR8 line).
It has also been shown in human clinical trials that Listeriaat-based cancer immunotherapy induce flu-like symptoms only (Maciag et al, 2009; Gravekamp and Paterson, 2010), whereas side effects of chemotherapy are known to be much more severe than flu-like symptoms.
Firstly, the impact of previous immune responses induced by flu vaccinations or by flu exposures on the ability to mount new anti-flu immune responses [ 7- 9].
Other bacterial pathogens, such as those causing anthrax (B. anthracis) or plague (Yersinia pestis), induce systemic, flu-like symptoms initially and progress to lethal shock and death days later.
Among 369 genes significantly up-regulated following infection with Pseudomonas DC3000 (avrRpm1) [ 88], 292 were also detected in the flu and npq1lut2 transcriptomes with 267 induced in flu and only 69 in npq1lut2 (resulting in a far less pronounced apoptotic response).
Secondly, the differential quality and quantity of humoral and cellular immune responses directed against flu targets, induced either by flu vaccination or by flu infection, has not been well defined.
The genome-wide hypersensitive response is more strongly induced in flu mutants than in npq1lut2 mutants (Additional file 1: Table S9).
To assess the protective efficacy of the immune responses induced with FLU-NA-DIII and FLU-NA-GFP, groups of ten mice were challenged with a lethal dose of 106 TCID of WNV-NY99 given subcutaneously.
To test the ability of γ-Flu to induce cross-reactive Tc cell responses A/PR8, A/PC and their corresponding γ-Flu preparations were used to infect or vaccinate mice.
Thus, γ-Flu preparations induce cross-reactive influenza-immune Tc cell responses in mice.
This would also fit with the hypothesis that IFN-γ production directed against related flu antigens upon natural by pdmH1N1 infection is short-lived as compared to IFN-γ induced by pdm flu vaccination.
