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This paper shows that anionic PAM (A-PAM) are the most suitable to induce cement flocculation and to obtain optimal properties of the formed flocs.
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When taking this into consideration, cement-based treatment algorithms for VCF care are likely to induce cement-associated complications like leakage in the disc space or epidural space in more severe fracture types like burst fractures with dorsal wall involvement [ 15– 20].
They can also induce the cement hydration products to form regular and compact gel structures, which contributes to the development of the static gel strength and the compressive strength of cement slurry at the early stage.
The effect of pH value, Ca2+ concentration and water loss induced by cement hydration on emulsion stability was investigated by measuring the Zeta potential of asphalt droplets.
In conclusion, we argue that as flanged cups do not appear to generate higher cement pressure or induce an increased degree of cement penetration, this is not the reason for the superior clinical outcome reported for some flanged cups (Hodgkinson et al. 1993, Garellick et al. 2000).
Due to the shrinkage effect, nonexpandable cement systems likely induce tensile radial stresses on the cementing faces and aggravated cement-sheath failures, yet due to the expansion effect, expandable cement systems likely produced compressive radial stresses on the cementing faces and repressed cement-sheath failures.
It was found that PA polymer addition will refine the small pores but induce big pores to cement mortar.
Previous studies [ 11, 12] have reported that necrotic bone replaced with cement can induce alterations in femoral strain.
The thermal effects of cement polymerization induce some millimeters of bone necrosis, which may kill residual tumor cells (Mjöberg et al. 1984)—but this has also been suspected of damaging cartilage and subchondral bone in lesions close to a joint, which may be followed by degenerative arthritis (Campanacci et al. 1990, Bini et al. 1995).
Cement hydration induces microstructural evolution in cement-based materials, causing setting and hardening.
The first design was predicted to locally induce high bone strains and cement stresses, which translated in a risk of bone and cement failure exceeding the threshold of acceptance (>100%).
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