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If the signal in the Paramecium caudatum system is electromagnetic, then a thin layer of colloidal graphite around the inner cuvette should prevent electromagnetic signals35 coming from the outer inducer population that could induce an effect on the inner tester population.
Since CAI-1 is the primary QS molecule of V. cholerae7, we examined whether the addition of synthetic CAI-1 (for chemical structure, see Fig. 3A) would induce an effect on the T3SS activity of EPEC similar to that of the V. cholerae supernatant or to co-culture with V. cholerae (the relative levels of CAI-1 in the supernatants of V. cholerae and E. coli DH10B are presented in Fig. S2).
There are several animal studies demonstrating that saline can induce an effect when replacing a drug given before repeatedly (see review in [32]).
In 1956, the concept of the ability of a drug to induce an effect after binding-efficacy-was introduced by Stephenson [8].
Thus, L. pneumophila infection appears to induce an effect on host cell mitochondria reminiscent of an oxidative stress response.
This, together, could induce an effect on the control group similar to that in the intervention.
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Further, under the shielding conditions, presumed volatiles (i.e., volatile chemical compounds mediating long-range cell-to-cell signaling) could still have induced an effect but, such an effect was absent.
A placebo cream presented as a powerful local anesthetic only induces an effect where it is applied [15].
But, as this Daily Beast article pointed out, the Nyquil-based version induces an effect that's more hallucinogenic than euphoric.
However, when TMZ was combined with radiation, it induced an effect on the release of HSP70.
Furthermore, it seems that pulse modulation of the field is crucial for inducing an effect (e.g. [ 3, 11]) which supports the notion of a non-thermal effect.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com