Total abundance of mono- and sesquiterpenoids and that of individual compounds such as α-pinene, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, α-amorphene, and γ-cadinene significantly increased in milk and cheese from indoor feeding to mountain extensive grazing.
The effects of increased concentrate level on milk production was assessed during two consecutive indoor feeding seasons according to a continuous randomised block design using 44 (season 1) and 47 (season 2) Finnish Ayrshire cows.
The flocks followed the same seasonal feeding strategy during lactation: indoor feeding in winter (early lactation) based on concentrate and forage; part-time grazing in the valley in early spring (mid lactation); and from mid spring on (late lactation), flocks were managed under extensive mountain grazing.
Sesquiterpenoid ratios such as γ-cadinene/α-muurolene, γ-cadinene/δ-cadinene, β-caryophyllene/α-muurolene, and (β-caryophyllene + γ-cadinene)/α-muurolene were used to differentiate mountain milks and cheeses from those from indoor feeding and part-time grazing in the valley.
Multivariate discriminant analysis applied to individual terpenoids and sesquiterpenoid ratios showed milk and cheese samples classified into 2 groups: samples from indoor feeding and part-time grazing in the valley were classified together, and clearly separated from mountain milks and cheeses.
arabiensis indoor feeding of 0.7 are shown in Figure 7.
arabiensis indoor feeding of 0.47, and with a 70% coverage IRS campaign for An.
For high indoor feeding, the IRS plus vaccine campaigns produce reductions in prevalence to < 10%, although transmission is not interrupted.
The indoor feeding rate, or endophagy, parameter used in simulations describes the proportion of human feeds that occur indoors as a proportion of all human feeds.
As described above, vectors exhibit a variety of feeding behaviors, 4, 67 which modify the impact of interventions such as bed nets, which target indoor feeding.
