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The United Nations estimates that 1.6 million to 1.8 million people die prematurely each year because of exposure to indoor emissions from inefficient cookstoves.
28 Indoor emissions from household combustion of coal: Coal is one of the most well-known carcinogens in the public consciousness, due to the prevalence of cancer in miners.
Stove quality was assessed using a four-level subjective scale representing the potential for indoor emissions, ranging from poorly functioning traditional stoves to well-functioning improved stoves.
Outdoor and indoor emissions as well as diet are all important contributors to total risk.
Recently, IARC (2010) concluded that indoor emissions from household combustion of coal are carcinogenic to humans (group 1) and that indoor emissions from biomass, primarily wood, were classified as probable human carcinogens (group 2A).
By following approaches (near field estimation/deterministic estimation), colocated body situations as well as large indoor emissions can be determined.
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The total PM contribution, from different indoor emission sources, was analysed in terms of both emission strength and duration.
Indoor concentrations depend on indoor emission rate of pollutant, air exchange rate, and room volume.
However, indoor emission data also need to be provided in inventory databases, similar to those available for outdoor emissions.
Indoor concentrations of chemicals and resulting human exposures often substantially exceed corresponding outdoor concentrations, mainly because there are significant indoor emission sources and with much lower dilution volumes.
Both aspects often give rise to indoor emission intakes of up to several orders of magnitude higher than outdoor emission intakes (4− 6).
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