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The carbon (C) stock estimates of individuals were calculated using the following mathematical expression, where V was estimated based on equations 4, 5, 6 and 7: C = V * D * BEF * 1 + R * T (3).
IBS matrices between pairs of individuals were calculated in R 2.7.2 (www.R-project.org) [31] package GenABEL 1.4 2 [32].
The band flow rate and the measure of heterogeneity (MOH) in the number of individuals interacting with immobilized individuals were calculated at every ten seconds of the experiment (Figure 5).
To estimate the cause of variation in gene expression during infancy period, correlation coefficients between same-aged individuals were calculated for all spots and those belonging to Categories 1, 2, 4, and 8 (Table 6).
For the continuous phenotypes, the phenotypic variance was 1. True additive genetic values for nP individuals were calculated as (1−pj)βj and −pjβj for the minor and major alleles, respectively, for each of nG simulated loci, and summing over loci.
At each sampling moment, prevalences of positive individuals were calculated.
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The fitnesses of all four individuals was calculated as described above.
Pearson correlation coefficient between two individuals was calculated from the spot intensities.
This estimated extra amount of force needed in stonewort individuals to obtain the same speed as reed individuals was calculated to be 17.3%.
A total sample size of 800 individuals was calculated.
Correlation between individuals was calculated using Pearson's correlation coefficient.
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