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A meta-analysis of fasting glucose, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) of β-cell function, fasting insulin, and HOMA of IR in 46,186 nondiabetic individuals, replicated in 76,558 individuals from 21 GWAS, identified nine loci for fasting glucose and one related to fasting insulin and HOMA of IR near the IGF1 gene (13).
In a recent fascinating study on the genetic impact on the human metabolome and its pharmaceutical implications with GWAS and non-targeted metabolomics (GC or LC-MS/MS), 25 genetic loci showed unusually high penetrance in a population of 1,768 individuals (replicated in another cohort of 1,052 individuals) and accounted for up to 60% of the difference in metabolite levels per allele copy.
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Not all these emergent individuals qua individuals replicate.
From 186 individuals replicate samples were performed (between two and five replicates per individual).
Individual replicated data and the four environments together were used to run QTLNetwork; however, data of each separate location and year were also used for comparison.
Individual replicates shown.
Both PANSS readouts were also available in the independent sample of schizophrenic individuals (replicate sample).
Control (vehicle treated) animals were compared with immunologically challenged animals (activated slides) and control animals were also compared with other control individuals (replicate slides).
In some cases, when we were unable to replicate across individuals, we replicated across tissues from the same individual.
Xenopus were exposed individually at 25°C in 1 L glass jars protected from the light (3 individual replicates by time and exposure conditions).
Each symbol represents an individual replicate or mouse.
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