This result of deregulation has complicated an already dizzyingly interwoven system in which a physical grid evolved from individual utilities' linking their wire networks.
There have been no structural changes in the system, no investigative teams dispatched to carry out a nationwide survey of individual utilities or operating systems.
According to one history, those smaller, individual utilities had what were known as company unions, which management had helped set up.
Gas may appear to make sense for individual utilities, said Revis James, the director of the Energy Technology Assessment Center at the Electric Power Research Institute, a utility consortium.
He concludes there must be strong incentives for individual utilities to meet high standards of safety & excellence in nuclear operation, & we must start serious efforts toward disposal of nuclear wastes.
The Midwest Independent System Operator is charged with helping oversee the safe generation and transmission of power in the Ohio area, although responsibility for taking action in a crisis rests with individual utilities.
Mrs. Whitman's new plan would also replace established programs that seek to improve visibility in national parks and to force individual utilities to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions that cross state lines.
The grid was mostly built to serve the needs of individual utilities, but regulators have cut the generation companies loose from the companies that transport and distribute power to foster a competitive market.
Again, we have a characterization theorem of a competitive equilibrium that balances individual utilities.
At the same time, their individual utilities are increased as illustrated in the second subplot.
Moreover, in the competitive equilibrium model with balanced individual utilities, all users have identical utility value.
