For each clone, a cohort of individual stalked cells was followed for 60 hours with direct observation in a microscopy flow chamber [ 10], and division events were recorded.
We used a method described in [ 10] to determine the reproductive output of individual stalked cells by means of direct observation in a microscopy flow chamber.
We used a method described in (Ackermann et al., 2003) to determine the reproductive output of individual stalked cells of the bacterium C. crescentus by means of direct observation under the microscope.
Dll4/Notch signaling regulates the selection of single stalk cells.
Dll4 is involved in the selection of single stalk cells.
These results suggest that Dll4/Notch signaling regulates the selection of single stalk cell by restricting angiogenic behavior in the ECs adjacent to the stalk cells.
In the lab, one can see that slugs will form by incorporating amoebae that are not necessarily related to one another, and at first glance, this would seem particularly prone to promote the evolution of selfish behaviour, whereby some individuals would avoid ever becoming stalk cells [ 148].
Specifically, loss of R2D2 disrupts formation of the stalk cells, which normally separate individual follicles from each other.
Mutations affecting Notch, Delta or the Notch modulator Fringe can cause formation of large compound egg chambers which contain several individual cysts, or can prevent the formation of stalk cells leading to fused egg chambers separated by a follicular epithelium but not a stalk [25], [38], [39], [40].
The social amoeba Polysphondylium violaceum, which is a member of the Dictyostelia, has a social stage where individual amoebae aggregate together to form a multicellular fruiting body with dead stalk cells and live spores.
