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Secondhand smoke exposure was evaluated regardless of individual smoking status and was nearly a significant predictor (p < 0.08), but did not improve overall model fit.
Another participant described changes in individual smoking behaviors as a result of knowledge of the risks of secondary smoke: "They are more aware of the dangers of smoking to other people.
Trends in individual smoking behaviour were significantly different, with a tendency to increase the number of smoked cigarettes over time in 45% in Bosnian migrant smokers versus 40% in Turkish migrant smokers and only 24% in Austrian smokers without a migration background.
The judge said there were too many differences in individual smoking patterns to bring the case as a class action.
In the econometric analyses, I specify a simple binary choice model based on a random utility model to examine the effects of smoking control policies on individual smoking choice by employing the instrumental variable probit model to control for the endogeneity of cigarette prices.
This article comprehensively examines the impact of recent smoking control policies in Japan, increases in cigarette taxes and the enforcement of the Health Promotion Law, on individual smoking choice by using multi-year and nationwide individual survey data to overcome the analytical problems of previous Japanese studies.
The advantages of this study, which uses multi-year and nationwide individual survey data, are that it overcomes the above analytical problems of previous Japanese studies and comprehensively examines the impacts of recently implemented smoking control policies in Japan on individual smoking choice.
Both Individual smoking and regional smoking affect cancer health outcomes.
We computed pack-years to describe the individual smoking load.
▪ One limitation is the absence of individual smoking records.
Individual smoking was measured as the cigarette smoking status recorded at time of diagnosis.
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