However, here, we examine the evolution of individual genes, whereas processes associated with dramatic genome size changes in pathogenic bacteria occur on a larger scale with loss of whole genes or large parts of genomes containing several open reading frames (Mira et al. 2001; Moran and Mira 2001; Gregory 2004; Nilsson et al. 2005).
Each of the individual processes is associated with the activity and regulation of lineage-specific genes [ 11] encoding transcription factors (e.g. SOX9, MEF2C) or ligands of distinct signalling pathways (e.g. TGF-beta1, BMP2, IHH, WNT) [ 12].
It quantifies the individual contributions made by processes associated with cell growth, biochemical reactions, and their control.
These results present important clinical application, considering that this sustained decrease in BP and increased strength can protect older individuals from several degenerative processes associated with aging.
This does not deny that some HIV+ individuals may experience comorbid processes associated with normal aging (e.g., cerebrovascular risk) that may be detrimental to their neurological health, although the extent to which HIV impacts this presentation remains uncertain.
One of these is the notion that everything that is interesting or significant about ecology can be explained in terms of (or reduced to) processes associated with individual organisms, or at most, populations of such organisms.
The aggregation of biological behaviors observed in the Active group, as well as some of the individual gene expression changes, represented processes associated with activated stroma or active dedifferentiation/epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
Accordingly, maintenance of Cys redox potential may be critical in protecting against subclinical inflammation in healthy individuals, and in ameliorating pathological processes associated with chronic inflammation.
The neural processes associated with sound localization were compared between individuals with early- and late-onset blindness.
HIV-infected individuals who receive antiviral treatment develop a high incidence of asthma, resembling the inflammatory processes associated with immunoreconstitution.
