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Interaction between multiple pollutants is not well understood, and most results are presented for an individual pollutant, although air pollution is experienced as a mixture.
Overall, the epidemiological studies in human populations have to be considered with caution given their size, the methodology used to measure the porphyrin profile, the control of the effect of variables such as age and smoking and the difficulties in disentangling the individual pollutant effects from the pollution mixtures.
Because the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulates pollutants independently, much of the current time-series research on the adverse health effects of air pollution has focused on estimating the effect of an individual pollutant (Dominici and Burnett 2003).
Individual pollutant concentrations were kept at realistically low levels, between 2 and 40 μg m−3.
Therefore, ecological status related to hazardous substances is generally based on individual pollutant concentrations, which may or may not be consistent with the ecological quality status assessment.
In this study, the individual air quality index (IAQI) refers to the air quality index calculated according to the concentration of individual pollutant, whose formula is expressed as follows: {mathrm{IAQI}}_i=frac{I_{mathrm{high}}-{I}_{mathrm{low}}}{C_{mathrm{high}}-{C}_{mathrm{low}}}left {C}_i-{C}_{mathrm{low}}right)+{I}left {C}_i-{C}_{mathrm{low}}right
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Ultimately, the goal of standard-setting should be the development of composite pollution indices rather than control of individual pollutants.
More recent studies conducted in the United States have also reported associations between ambient air pollution and sperm quality, but for individual pollutants [i.e., O3 and PM2.5 (particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter)].
Pollutants should be considered together in the risk assessment of air pollution, as opposed to measuring the risk of individual pollutants.
Studies have identified relationships between air pollution and birth weight, but have been inconsistent in identifying individual pollutants inversely associated with birth weight or elucidating susceptibility of the fetus by trimester of exposure.
Research into the effects of air pollution on human and animal health has focused on the impact of individual pollutants on respiratory function in the laboratory.
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