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The social effect of an individual does not affect the phenotype of the individual itself, but rather the phenotypes of all other individuals sharing the environment.
We show that in some cases, undergoing a mutation is altruistic, i.e., it increases the expected fitness of the population, but decreases the expected fitness of the mutated individual itself.
As an alternative to traditional breeding schemes solely focusing on the direct breeding value affecting the phenotype of the individual itself, selection may be focused on total breeding values, including both direct and social effects.
Among the situations known to affect sleep both in its duration and quality, stress has been widely studied and it is now admitted that its effects on sleep architecture depend on several factors specific to the stressor or the individual itself.
Others believe that, when Nirvana is achieved, the cycle of samsara, all suffering and further existence for that individual itself ends.
The effect of age is largest on the items representing the individual itself as a contributing force (r = −.21; p < .001).001
Similar(24)
Romney cast Obama's remarks as an attack on individual initiative itself.
This occurs in part because individual income itself is quite sensitive to changes in the level of overall economic activity.
One of our country's greatest strengths — society's lack of restraint on the individual — manifests itself in levels of volume and aggression sometimes uncommon abroad.
The initial cause of the diseased state may lie within the individual organism itself, and the disease is then said to be idiopathic, innate, primary, or "essential".
But the larger backlash has quickly moved from the individual incident itself to condemnations in the stereotyped plural, concentrating on a very tight set of recurring themes: Gates is "uppity", arrogant, pseudo-educated.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com