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It is based on an understanding of biological functions as system properties that are different from those of the individual interacting components (reviewed in [ 1- 9]).
In this term, the adaptive characteristics of CAS describe the capacity of the system for responding to the changes in the environment or among the individual interacting components [15, 16].
A CAS is called complex as it is composed of an extensive number of individual interacting components (agents) without any centralized control that generally cannot be derived from or reduced to the summation of the behavior of the individual components of the system as the aggregated behavior of the individuals is not linear.
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Given a symmetric distance (or a covariance) matrix between individuals, the dimension-reduction methodologies, such as multidimensional scaling (MDS) and principal components analysis (PCA), can display individual interacting patterns effectively by means of two, or more, major eigenvector components [11].
These equations are often simplified into phase and amplitude components which yield, under the rotating wave and slowly varying amplitude approximations [11], a relative phase dynamics that describes coordinated behavior between the interacting components (e.g., fingers, limb segments) within or between individuals.
More importantly, it enables researchers and policymakers to view the rising prevalence of hypertension in West Africa as a complex health problem composed of different, interacting components and emphasizes the importance of understanding the behaviors of the whole components rather than individual components.
Ptolemy II takes a component view of design, in that models are constructed as a set of interacting components.
The mathematical model depicts interacting components but not processes or mechanisms by which they interact.
Interactions: green connections show activation of downstream interacting component; red connections show inhibition of downstream interacting component; and black connections show physical binding between components.
"Events and the individual interact.
The plural mode occurs when an individual interacts with others.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com