The Bayesian approach is used to estimate maximum earthquakes corresponding to different individual ground-motion scenarios at a specific hazard level.
These average ratios typically vary between 1.1 and 1.6; however, ratios for individual ground motions can be as high as 5 for the EDPs examined.
Traditionally, the lateral strength of the SDOF systems in these studies has been determined from individual ground motion acceleration response spectra, requiring that the structure strength is recalculated for each ground motion used in an ensemble.
This paper investigates the effect of the differences between "smooth" (e.g., design) earthquake ground motion acceleration response spectra and individual ground motion linear-elastic acceleration response spectra on nonlinear single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) lateral displacement ductility demands.
associated with the heating system, were investigated for three different systems: solar heating (1000 SEK MWh−1), small-scale district heating (1100 SEK MWh−1) and individual ground-coupled heat pumps (920 SEK MWh−1).
While the relationships developed using this approach are important, in practical seismic design applications, the lateral strength of a structure does not vary with the individual ground motions considered in an ensemble.
It is shown that peak SDOF displacement ductility demand relationships developed based on individual ground motion spectra can lead to unconservative designs, particularly for survival-level, soft soil, and near-fault conditions.
Although distribution patterns of individual ground-flora species are highly variable among the four valley types, canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) of individual valley types indicate that ground-flora vegetation is related strongly to hierarchical landscape properties, including valley type and the transverse geomorphic structure of the stream valley.
Maximum responses for individual ground motions were found to occur for virtually any angle of incidence and varied with the degree of inelasticity, which implies that inaccurate estimates of structural performance and damage may result if based on ground motions applied at principal orientations alone.
The data points are individual ground observations of GPS satellites.
