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The standard deviation is calculated from all of the individual deviations of the data points.To see what was going on, Dr Hansen superimposed the actual curves for each decade from the fifties to the noughties on a normal distribution, which acted as a reference curve.
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Again, θ ¯ is a vector of the mean parameters, and σ is the vector of individual deviations from the mean.
where θ ¯ is a vector of the mean parameters to be estimated across the n individuals, and σ n is the vector of individual deviations from the population mean θ ¯.
Confounders at the community and school levels were further tested by including the average terms for each level and the individual deviations from the mean of the level.
To test whether the amounts of variation differed among genotypes, we used an extension of Levene's test [49], that is, an ANOVA of the individual deviations from the respective group averages.
In addition, the relative standard deviation of the total sulfur pool was calculated from the individual standard deviations of the analyses and was found to be <0.4%.
This value is the sum of individual deviation values at each pixel where the FD map value is <0, which is then divided by the total area to give an average percentage loss of GCC thickness.
Table 2 shows between-individual standard deviations of the within-fixation variability ranging from a minimum of 3.27°/s to a maximum 9.72°/s, implying that large differences in velocity thresholds should be used to determine fixations.
We analyze how the allocation of aggregate and individual risks relates to deviations of individual beliefs from the aggregate market probability.
The individual mass deviation of fragments not used for calibration might be larger.
A high level of variation was observed in the number of reads per individual (standard deviation of read number = 173; range = 4 1219).
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