Using a "cage-within-cage resident-intruder" protocol (designed to model unpredictable threats of daily trauma), we exposed individual subject male C57BL/6 J mice to single aggressors for six hours daily for 5 or 10 days, and we placed individual control subject mice in the same cages but in the absence of any other mice.
Whenever other group members have a larger dominance strength than the sum of ego's dominance strength and AV_DOM_DIFF and whenever such individuals (potential aggressors) are closer to ego than AV_DIST, ego may avoid them.
In this case, it's a movement to empower the individuals who have been disempowered by the storm," says Lembitz. "It's still about empowering individuals against an aggressor, it's just in this case the aggressor is easier to agree on".
Which individuals within those "aggressor" states exercised control or direction over the military actions in question?
To investigate the implications of monitoring and scanning on the socio-spatial properties of primate groups, we compared a basic model where individuals avoid potential aggressors, but do not employ monitoring or scanning (avoidance model), to two models that additionally include either monitoring (monitoring model) or scanning (scanning model).
I sense only the banal assimilation of individuals into types: the beefy aggressor, the lithe, submissive one.
Such a government is minimal, limited to protecting us from criminals and foreign aggressors, and enforcing individual rights and contracts, with the help of the armed forces, police, and objectively defined civil and criminal laws and courts.
Article 51 of the United Nations Charter gives all countries the right of "individual or collective self-defense" against an aggressor, and the Security Council affirmed Kuwait's right to invoke Article 51 in the resolution it passed last week.
This way, the incongruent sequence became congruent with the dominance hierarchy in the group, due to the simulated presence of a third individual dominant to both the victim and aggressor.
The incongruent stimuli consisted of an aggressor scream bout of a lower-ranking individual followed directly by a victim scream bout of a higher-ranking individual.
