Although the mechanism by which RKNs establish the GC system is unknown, increasing evidence indicates that glandular secretions (effectors) injected into plant cells by the nematodes interact directly or indirectly with essential plant components, leading to the establishment and maintenance of nematode feeding sites [ 5- 9].
Given that CAR can be activated both directly and indirectly, it is essential to keep in mind that the ligand binding and kinase signaling may interconnect to achieve the optimal activation of this receptor.
Through its influence on both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators, Oct4 can directly or indirectly affect many essential processes, such as chromatin remodelling, epigenetic regulation, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and signalling, during early developmental program (Fig. 4B).
The loss of cardiac dystrophin seems to indirectly affect the essential laminin component of the basement membrane [ 175] via alterations in the dystroglycan subcomplex.
The high identity of syntenic genes indirectly reveals their essential character; for the non-syntenic genes the low identity could represent adaptability to the ecological niche of the species.
A possibility of such a scenario is indirectly confirmed by an essential difference between registered and predicted central frequencies for the event on day 2003 052 and by statistical results of Villante et al.
This could occur directly, for example, from Se or Zn in the supplements or indirectly from interactions between essential and toxic elements.
In yeast, loss of Sir2 leads to defective NHEJ indirectly, via silencing of essential end-joining factors such as Nej1 [ 22].
Our results indicate that these subtle but essential roles are indirectly controlled by Pitx3 and Nurr1.
On the one hand, it can promote the transfer of goods, services, investments and technologies that promote health directly through for example expanding access to nutritious foods and essential medicines, or indirectly by stimulating economic growth and employment.
