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We expected that some indicators would be difficult to measure and indirect variables and models are needed to include some indicators in sustainability impact assessment (SIA) methods.
Some approaches found in the literature resort to techniques based on indirect variables, but not on the social network behavior with exception of the work of Baker and Faulkner [ASR 58: 837–860, 1993].
These parameters should be based on directly measured variables of the pore system and not inferred from indirect variables (such as those determined empirically from transport processes) valid only for a particular pore structure.
More indirect variables, like relative testis size, are easier to obtain from most species, but may be rather crude measures with large sampling errors [5].
An additional discriminant analysis was performed using caudate nuclei and putamina uptake values as potential predictors and excluding indirect variables such as asymmetry indices and caudate-to-putamen ratio.
And the indirect variables, calculated thereafter, were the speed, acceleration, and the resultant.
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Moreover, a simplified version of the algorithm, named compact indirect variable structure model reference adaptive control (CIVS-MRAC), provides not only an easy design procedure, but also a computational implementation of low complexity, thus motivating its application in industrial environments.
Recently, an alternative to achieve a robust controller that provides a straightforward and intuitive design and tuning of its parameters named Indirect Variable Structure Model Reference Adaptive Controller (IVS-MRAC) was presented for relative degree one LTI plants, suggesting to be globally asymptotically stable with superior transient behavior and disturbance rejection properties.
Total costs included direct variable, indirect variable, direct fixed, and indirect fixed.
Due to all these difficulties it hasn't been possible to include the covariates in the proposed model and it has been necessary to relate the smoothed SMR to an indirect variable, being the percentage of foreign deaths at every municipality.
Traditionally, diesel engine control has had to rely on indirect feedback variables and empirical open-loop maps because direct measurements of the variables representing high-level objectives, such as emissions, have not been available in production engines.
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