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Around $9m of that is lost from tourists' direct spending, such as staying at hotels and buying crafts, with the rest through indirect value in the economy such as farmers and other suppliers supporting the tourist industry.
We outline the analysis of the indirect value generation and show that even with this simple decision task the analysis is rather complex.
The terrorist sanctuary in Afghanistan provided direct and indirect value to members of al Qaeda who participated in the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11 , 2001 and in other terrorist operations.
The economic burden of these injuries, comprised of direct (medical expenses incurred), indirect (value of lost productivity) and intangible costs, can be extensive and rise sharply with the increase of severity.
We discuss separately two value generation mechanisms: the direct value generation by reduced uncertainty on consequences and the indirect value generation through accumulating knowledge about the consequence model parameters.
Subway ads are a perfect example of the indirect value that branding can have.
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But this is only the direct value-added in China's exports; Mr Anderson excludes the "indirect value-added" generated by exports.In order to produce exports, intermediate inputs must be used, and the production of these inputs creates the second round of value-added.
This process of creating indirect value-added can be traced throughout the economy, as intermediate inputs are used to produce other intermediate inputs.Using 2002 input/output tables and detailed trade statistics that distinguish processing and normal trade, I have developed a method to decompose China's gross exports into total domestic and foreign value-added for 87 sectors that produce goods.
The direct and indirect values of wetland ecosystems are 46.17% and 53.83% of the total values, respectively.
These methods are suitable for valuing water resources that are marketed indirectly and therefore can only estimate their use (direct and indirect) values.
The descriptive formats are often accompanied by scoring algorithms to assign indirect values to those states.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com