Previously, we tested some well-established indirect tests of recombination (linkage disequilibrium vs. distance using D′ and r, Homoplasy Test, Pairwise Homoplasy Index, Neighborhood Similarity Score, and Max χ) on sequence data derived from the only empirically confirmed case of human mtDNA recombination thus far and demonstrated that some methods were unable to detect recombination.
MODE posits one singular representation underlying the behavioral effects measured by direct and indirect tests.
It is important to note, finally, that in indirect tests subjects may be aware of what is being measured.
The direct fracture toughness results are verified by performing the Notched Brazilian Disc NBDD) tests (the standard indirect tests).
This finding suggests that indirect tests are less likely to be perceived as measuring part of productive performance ability and thus result in poor face validity.
For large-scale high-stakes testing, indirect tests of writing have been widely used in Japan and Korea because of their high rater-reliability and practicality.
However, indirect tests are likely to yield UCS values with large standard deviations depending on the geological origin of the rock mass.
To overcome this difficulty, indirect tests, such as Point Load Index (PLI), Schmidt Hammer (SH) Rebound Number tests are often employed to predict the UCS.
Weigle (2002) argues, "Indirect tests of writing represented the domination of the agenda of testing firms and their clients, who wanted fast, reliable, and inexpensive ways of sorting students according to the status quo of existing social patterns" (p. 239).
However, the study by Ribeiro et al. [52] has some limitations, such as the use of indirect tests to estimate VO2max and a lack of statistical comparisons between groups.
Many of the experimental defects brought to light in this review are simple absence of controls, reliance on indirect tests, failure to test a new test system before using it; these things are fixable.
