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In an MLR, responder T cell proliferation results both from direct stimulation by the allogeneic HLA of stimulator cells as well as from indirect stimulation of allogeneic stimulator cell antigens presented by responder APC.
For example, antigenic stimulation of H. pylori through tonic B-cell receptor signaling, or indirect stimulation through H. pylori-stimulated T-cell mechanisms, might have equally important roles in lymphomagenesis (summarized in Figure 4).
Together with the induction of intracellular perforin and granzyme B expressions, R. korthalsii methanol extract was also able to stimulate extracellular IFN-γ and TNF-α production either by direct or indirect stimulation of the NK cells.
However, given the particular position of our electrodes and the known functional neuroanatomy of value-based decision making52,53,54 it is conceivable that direct or indirect stimulation effects could also be observed in subcortical structures, but we note that such complexity would not be unique to our study but indeed to any application of tDCS.
The elevation of TC concentration in this study was achieved by the indirect stimulation of HMG CoA reductase following an intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of P407 [19].
However, the increased synthesis and storage of insulin in the islets of the transgenic mice are consistent with either a direct regulatory effect of IAPP on the beta-cell or indirect stimulation of insulin production through IAPP-induced insulin resistance.
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Though these areas may also receive indirect physical stimulation during sexual activity, such as when in friction with the labia majora (outer lips), indirect clitoral stimulation is more commonly attributed to penile-vaginal penetration.
Thus, the present study focused upon training teachers to use some of these indirect language stimulation (ILS) techniques to test whether the vocabulary of children might be improved.
During the classroom implementation phase after the professional development, the intervention teachers integrated the indirect language stimulation techniques into their regular classroom instruction.
This study tested the efficacy of a particular early intervention technique derived from an indirect language stimulation (ILS) approach to language acquisition for culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) children who are most at risk.
It is possible that direct or indirect arterial stimulation induces the cortical spreading depression phenomena and consequent migraine-like headache, sometimes preceded by focal neurological symptoms localizing blood flow changes [13].
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