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As this study is concerned with soil functions, rather than underlying soil processes, a scheme modified from the MEA has been adopted, where soil functions are linked to ecosystem services through specific direct and indirect services provided by them.
There are also a wealth of direct and indirect services that may be provided by pastoralists under co-management, and in the compensation and payment options available to them in return for their critical services.
Additional environmental burdens captured are mainly associated with managerial and indirect services such as services of head offices, consulting services, third-party technical services, and testing and maintenance services.
Typical system boundaries of climate change mitigation studies are: C pools in the ecosystem including live biomass and necromass, sectorial C pools including wood products, all GHGs, or indirect services by substitution of fossil energy carriers and energy intensive products.
Findings based on a sample of 189 freight rates of one company for the Caribbean show that trade routes with only indirect services (i.e., including transhipments) induce higher transport costs.
Second, for indirect services such as the maintenance of proper ecosystem functions (whether this be based on continuation of traditional practices, or the adoption of new sustainable land management practices), adequate payments for these ecosystem services should be made, or for opportunities lost (cf. eco-compensation).
Similar(51)
It may have seemed that Trump was doing the nation an indirect service by skipping the dinner, and therefore reducing its hold on the D.C. political imagination.
It has also performed the valuable, if indirect, service of chronicling recent events.
He has done so in direct and indirect service of 11 secretaries of defense in both Democratic and Republican administrations.
The accrued costs of the indirect service centres were then apportioned in the same manner until all costs were assigned to direct service centres (see Supplementary Appendix S3).
At its most ambitious you can think of a mechanism whereby cities, municipalities and eventually nation states, starved of the data that now accrues almost exclusively to the big tech firms, would compensate citizens for their data with some kind of basic income, that might be either direct (cash) or indirect (free services such as transportation).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com