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The absence of significant change in hemodynamic variables or in blood pressure variability indicates that these autonomic changes are not an indirect reflex response to ACE inhibitor-induced vasodilation or hemodynamic baroreceptor stimulation.
Other available techniques for assessment of sudomotor function include the thermoregulatory sweat test, silastic imprint method, the indicator plaster method (55), and the quantitative direct and indirect reflex test (QDIRT) (56).
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The physical examination revealed hypertension 165/105mmHggradeade III toxicity), suspension of both direct and indirect papillary reflexes for both eyes and bilateral blurred vision and diplopia.
Direct and indirect pupillary light reflexes were normal.
Ophthalmic examination indicated diminished menace response, direct and indirect pupillary and palpebral reflexes in both eyes, although the corneal reflex was present and spontaneous horizontal nystagmus was evident in both eyes.
The interneuronal systems mediating indirect CM drive and/or reflex afferents from the periphery, which remained after the lesion, may possibly contribute to its generation.
To evaluate vision, all dogs were subjected to behavioral testing (maze test), examination of pupillary light reflexes (PLRs), indirect ophthalmoscopy and bilateral full-field electroretinography (ERG).
Clinical examination consisted in the evaluation of menace responses and pupillary light reflexes and indirect ophthalmoscopic examination (30 δ & 20 δ lenses) after pupillary dilatation.
The facilitatory effect on the masseter reflex could be indirect.
(4) Pupil reflexes (direct and indirect).
A detailed ophthalmic examination of the affected dog carried out using slit lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy and electroretinography revealed diminished pupillary light reflex, menace response, dazzle reflex and retinal edema in both the eyes.
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