This was equivalent to a yearly average of 853 and an indirect rate of 16.87 per 100,000 population.
The indirect rate for MS in females across Scotland was significantly higher than in males (males 10.69 vs. females 22.64, χ2 = 4.28, d.f. = 1, p = 0.04).
The overall number of patients admitted with MS (as an absolute value over the 13 year period and a yearly average) and indirect rate per 100,000 population are shown in table 1. Overall 11,094 individual patients were admitted with MS in Scotland between 1997 and 2009.
Indirect costs for non-EPICENTER outpatient mental health services were calculated using the same indirect rates used for EPICENTER outpatient mental health services.
This gives some confidence in the results, and suggests that other conclusions to be drawn from the indirect rates have validity.
The indirect rate of gene flow (Nm) was estimated following Wright (1951), and pairwise genetic distance (ΦPT) values were calculated and assayed for significance with 9999 permutations.
The value of Nm, or the indirect rate of gene flow, was calculated as 0.147, indicating that the number of migrants each generation was significantly <1 and that genetic drift plays a role in population differentiation (Slatkin 1987).
Yet all these measures (i.e., mRNA amount, RNA pol II occupancy, nascent transcription rate and indirect transcription rate) reflect different biological realities.
Researchers have used a myriad of ways to estimate recombination rate, which can broadly be grouped into two categories: Assessing direct, current rates or capturing indirect, historical rates (Coop and Przeworski 2007; Baudat et al. 2013).
Given uncertainty surrounding the details of CWD transmission, we model dynamics assuming a wide range of direct and indirect transmission rates, functional forms of transmission, and prion degradation rates.
