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Accordingly, many researchers prefer indirect procedures such as the three-point bending test.
In the 1970s and 1980s, indirect procedures for measuring IAP via the stomach, rectum, and bladder were established [11 13].
It is shown that the roughness length estimates computed from indirect procedures can be in error by factors of two or more.
The roughness length of the simulations were determined using: (a) balance measured shear velocities; (b) shear velocities computed from X-wire Reynolds stress measurements; and (c) indirect procedures where accepted forms of turbulent boundary layer mean velocity profiles are fitted to the measured mean-velocity profiles.
It was concluded that a mass-independent trabecular discontinuity contributes to skeletal failure and that determination of the number of "real" disconnections (i.e., unstained termini) by the direct method proposed may provide a more sensitive discriminant of fracture than the present indirect procedures.
In the 1970s and 1980s, indirect procedures for measuring IAP via the stomach, rectum, and bladder were established [ 11- 13].
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The indirect procedure eliminated discomfort from impression making and allowed for precise fabrication of the nasopharyngeal carrier.
Cells were subsequently immunolabelled using an indirect procedure in which all incubations (primary, secondary antibodies, and washes) were performed in solution containing 0.3% saponin.
An indirect procedure is then applied where the fluorescent solvatochromic lipid probes are commonly solubilized into DMSO before large dilution in serum-free culture medium and addition to cells.
For the indirect procedure, similarly to what is commonly performed for labelling cells, dye stock solutions were prepared at 1 mM in DMSO and injected at 1 1000 into water.
Additionally, direct as well as indirect identification procedures have been analysed and implemented in software [13].
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