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Researchers have often relied on indirect indicators, like shrinking numbers of insect-loving birds, but there are other possible explanations for their loss.
In addition, it looked for evidence of disease like heart attacks and cancer rather than indirect indicators like cholesterol levels, which can be misleading.
Other factors include several indirect indicators of what happens in classrooms, like student retention, graduation rates and class sizes, but no direct measures of learning.
This field of study uses sophisticated statistical methods to derive meaning from scattered and variegated indirect indicators of past temperature — with tree rings being the most familiar example.
The issue involved an effort to reconstruct the climate history of the past several thousand years using indirect indicators like the size of tree rings and the growth rate of corals.
Glucose utilization and FFA production are therefore indirect indicators for lipogenesis.
Grazing impact was measured using direct and indirect indicators of grazing.
The state space model provides an efficient approach to estimating direct indicators by using indirect indicators.
This paper explores some indirect indicators of MICP that can be easily monitored in large scale applications.
This study proposes an approach to analyse the prevalence of illicit drug consumption together with indirect indicators of drug supply.
To find the degree of clinical/pathological correlation and the number of complications, as indirect indicators of quality.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com