This history gives genomics firms a distinctive business model; one that involves both direct funding through government grants and contracts and indirect funding through sales of products and services to federally funded or nonprofit laboratories.
Brussels is also providing €3bn (£2.5bn) in long-term indirect funds for investment in sectors such as agriculture, education, social protection, and water and sanitation.
Barclays is the most high-profile of three British-based financial institutions, which, in total, have provided more than $1bn in direct and indirect funding to Mugabe's administration.
This was the highest recorded in four years and up 23% on the year before although the bank said it disagreed with lumping in both direct and indirect funding.
In August, the UN security council passed a resolution specifically aimed at blocking both direct and indirect funding to Isis but, without Russian support, stronger resolutions backing military intervention, including over Syria, look highly unlikely.
Meanwhile, the ratio of loans, an indirect fund-raising method, fell from 47.1% in 1987 to 16.9% in 2002.
The costs for this program are covered by a reallocation of institutional indirect funds.
The fact that there are enough funds "left over" from institutional overhead to disperse directly to investigators suggests to NIH that there has been an overpayment of indirect funds--and overpayments are required to be returned to the granting institute.
CMD has identified at least $11.6 million in support for Walker from the Kochs and their affiliated groups, plus millions more in indirect funding.
Although Romney opposes "overly prescriptive federal policy mandates," his proposal would apparently require Congress to mandate that states accept loss of direct Title I and IDEA grants as a condition of receiving federal education funds indirectly, even though the indirect funds would be reduced to the extent students went to privately managed schools.
Indeed, the altering of state constitutions is apparently what would have to happen in many states if states follow the lure of federal money in the name of voucher choice either that, or some creative maneuvering in the name of "indirect" funding if a given state constitution would allow as much.
