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A second-stage regression was used to estimate the indirect burden of migraine.
Indirect costs are the main content of a recent study by Hawkins et al. [12]: to estimate the indirect burden of illness of migraine, the authors compared the average annual indirect expenditures of a group of employees with migraine with a matched group of employees without migraine (control group).
Dranias did note that the Goldwater Institute was generally supportive of any legislation that raises or eliminates contributions limits, saying, "We view contribution limits as not only a burden on freedom of association but also an indirect burden on freedom of speech".
In this project we evaluated tuberculosis direct economic burden while indirect burden sometimes has more cost.
Subsequently, we were able to assess not only issues related to direct costs of care but also the indirect burden falling on coeliac disease patients themselves.
Including race/ethnicity as a study dimension also depressed the national indirect burden estimate relative to 2007, as Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks have higher diabetes prevalence rates but lower labor force participation rates and lower average earnings.
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It also covers a long tally of indirect burdens, from the cost of accommodating displaced people to the higher insurance premiums charged on sea-freight.
11 Estimating the size of these direct and indirect burdens of disease is difficult because of the range of measurement methods used.
The use of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) to measure the burden of disease restricts the burdens measured to the impacts of disease on an individual's life expectancy and/or health related quality of life; it ignores other non-health and indirect burdens or adverse impacts of disease on an individual or others from the individual's disease.
It is likely, however, that the indirect cost burden of ADHD identified in US studies may be similar to the burden in other countries, although it may not be recognized to the same extent.
Migraine places a substantial indirect cost burden on this patient population and increasing total HFDs may help to reduce this burden.
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